Thermodynamics is a fundamental branch of physics that studies the behavior of energy and matter. It investigates how energy is transferred between physical systems and how it influences matter's behavior and properties. This field has critical applications in various scientific and engineering disciplines, including mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and environmental science.

This course explores the foundational network models that enable communication across different computer networks: the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model and the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) model. It covers the structure, purpose, and functionalities of each model's layers, along with the key protocols involved.